pulmonary Tuberculosis

Definition  

It is a chronic infectious diseases caused by mycobacterium  tuberculosis and characterized by  the formation of tubercles (round nodules warty outgrowth )or granulomass in lungs 

granulomas means localized collection of cell usually produced in response to an infectious process 

it may be transmitted to other body part such as meninges bones kidney lymph nodes

Causes /a etiology 

Mycobacterium
By air droplet
By exposure with person who is infected  to prolonged and close frequent 

Risk factor 

1. malnutrition 
2. excessive alcohol addiction 
3. Silicosis
4. HIV
5. Nutrition
6. Crowding
7. Diabetes mellitus
8. Genetics
9. cancer
10. rheumatoid arthritis
11. Crohn’s disease
12. psoriasis
13. lupus
14. immune supressive person 

Signs and symptoms/ clinical manifestation 

 In pulmonary tb patient is free from symptoms in early stages of disease  

in lateral stage some sign symptoms are find out  these are 

1. anorexia 
2. malaise 
3. irregular  mensuration in women 
4. cough 
5. chest pain 
6. hemoptysis 
7.  fever, 
8. chills
9. , night sweats, 
10. loss of appetite,
11.  weight loss
12.  fatigue.

pathology physiology

Mycobactrium bacilli inhales

transmitted through air ways to alveolar

multiplication

 transfer to lymph system and blood stream

immune system responded

phagocytes engulf to many bacteria

 tb lymphocytes bacilli spreads in normal tissues

accumulation of exudation in alveolar

bronchopneumonia

Diagnosed  test

1. purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test 
2. Blood testChest 
3. X-ray
4. sputum test 

Medical management

1. primary agents 

soniazid.

Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)

Ethambutol (Myambutol)

Pyrazinamide.

2. secondary agents 

capromysin 

kanamysin 

PASA  para amnio salicylic acid

cycloserine 

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