pneumonia

Definition

 It is an inflammation of lung parenchyma which is associated with marked increase interstitial and alveolar fluid

Cause /Etiology 


 Bacterial infection
 Gram Positive 

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2.  Streptococcus aureus

 Gram Negative 

1. H influenza
2. pseudomonas
3. anaerobic bacteria

viral infection 

1. influenza virus 
2. parainfluenza virus
3.  adenovirus 

fungus infection 

1. Candidiasis 
2. histoplasmosis
3.  mycoplasma 
4. protozoa

 classification 

1 community-acquired pneumonia

1.  it occur in normal healthy person 
2.   bacterial infection
3.  viral  infection

2 Hospital acquired  pneumonia

 It occurs either when immunity is weak or in lung disorders or Anatomical abnormal lungs



 Types

1segmental pneumonia

 only in one small segmental lobes of lungs 

2 bilateral pneumonia

both side segmental lobes of lungs are affected 

3 lobar pneumonia 

complete lobe affected 

4 bronchopneumonia

  patchy like formation in the lungs 



 Risk factor                        

1.  continuous smoking
2.  cold weather
3.  AIDS
4.  malnutrition
5. dehydration
6.  alternate conscious level 
7. alcoholism 
8. head injury
9. seizure disorder
10.  drug overdose
11.  general anesthesia
12. immuno suppressive therapy
    
    
13. corticosteroid 

chronic disease

1.  Diabetes mellitus
2.  heart disease
3.  lung disease 
4. renal disease 
5. cancer

1.  aspiration of food volume vomits
2. inhalation of toxic chemical gases

 clinical manifestation

1.  fever
2.  chills                                
3.  sweating
4.  pleuritic pain
5. cough 
6. sputum production 
7. haemoptysis  cough with blood 
8. dyspnoea 
9. cyanosis 
10. rapid pulse 
11. hot pallor skin 
12. increase rispiratory rate 
13. low o2 saturation 
14. headache 
15. fatigue 
16. dull sound produce on percussion 
17. unequal chest wall expansion 

 pathophysiology

 due to any cause example bacteria viral or other 

inflammation in alveoli 

mast cell activate and release

 histamine

 prostaglandin

 cytokinins 

leukotrienes

 due to cytokinin release flute shift to extracellular space capillary permeability 

alveoli  filled with fluid 

consolidation

decrease O2 saturation in body 

hypoxemia /hypoxia

 clinical diagnosis

1.  sputum for culture and sensitivity
2. chest X-ray 
3. bronchoscopy
4.  ABC analysis
5. cracked sound 
6. mountoux test

 complication

1. pleural effusion
2.  atelectasis 
3. super infection pericarditis bacteremia meningitis 

• 
  

Medical management 


prevention of pneumonia by  vaccination 

 use of antibiotic therapy for treatment 

1. penicillin
2. ampicillin
3.  amikacin 
4. cephalosporin 
5. erythromycin 
6. ciftriaxone 

bronchodilator are used
Analgsics pain example Nimesulide Paracetamol