PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Pulmonary hypertension definition air condition in which blood pressure rise blood blood blood cells while applying it to the lung pulmonary hypertension may be due to complication of Pulmonary embolism causes pulmonary embolism septal defect chronic lung disease examples PDF Ltd immune mechanism obesity smoke inhalation sign and symptoms dysania chest pain weakness fatigue fainting occasional hemoptysis distended make one's heart Murmur peripheral edema the evolution physical examination chest X-ray ECG cardiac catheterization echocardiogram complication angina pectoris CHF management medical management will be hypertension heart disease nursing management are same like other respiratory disease

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Definition pulmonary embolism referred to the obstruction of Pulmonary artery or one of its branches by any ambulance ambulance material such as a blood clot faith aeronautic fluid or foreign body that is carried by the blood from one point in circulation to another. Respective Venice States hypercoagulopathy Venice endothelial disease c o p d diabetic mellitus post operative Postpartum period problem in mobility sign and symptoms dysentery cardiac chest pain myocardial infection anxiety fever cardiac of Hema practice sign of Diagnostic evolution chest X-ray angiography ECG AVG complication pulmonary hypertension for promotional medical management anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy which are useful to dissolve plots Ibiza in protamine sulfate may be given to neutralize happening in the event of severe bleeding Surgical Management surgical intervention may be given when patient show complication with anticoagulant therapy or contraindicated embolectomy removal of Pulmonary Ambulatory obstruction nursing management relieve anxiety provide post post operative care provide health Education Minister relief pain with a painkiller administrative monitor complication truck anticoagulant therapy is given

ATELECTASIS

Atelectasis definition it is the condition in which failure to expand the part of lungs due to collapse or closure of alveoli it may be acute and chronic respective excessive secretion of mucus is sputum production smoking problem anaesthesia decrease level of consciousness ICD access is BMI hypoventilation aspiration is the main risk factor is abstraction is a way weather physiology clinical manifestation fever dysentery cardiac dyspnea lower pain Central cyanosis cough sputum production complication acute respiratory failure Diagnostic evaluation x-ray CT Scan physical assessment decrease with sound and Crackles hard spirometry management the main goal of treatment is to improve ventilation and remove secretion breathing exercise positive experience therapy should be given ambulation should be managed at an early stages sometimes cuffing also server severe as first-line measure to minimise or treat atelectasis by improving ventilation thoracentesis for removal of fluid by needle aspiration give give adequate education supervision and coaching to carry out the deep breathing exercise

BRONCHITIS

Bronchitis definition it is and chronic inflammation of mucous membrane of tracheobronchial resulting to Hyper secretion of mucus Solan due to viral infection respected smoking other environmental polluted allergan environmental condition causative agent this is respiratory Centre virus sometimes it may be due to bacteria sign and symptoms cough mucus disnia Airway obstruction fever pleuritic chest pain bronchi and Crackles sound heard on auscultation shortness of breath problem aspiration cyanosis Diagnostic evaluation chest X-ray sputum culture spirometry physiology medical management antibiotic therapy 854 bacterial infection is there but not necessary in case of viral infection short term steroid therapy will help minimise information within bronchial tubes example prednisolone good hydration plenty of water intake help to make easier to expel symptomatic treatment for acetaminophen give cough treatment and possessive shortness of breath problem aspiration cyanosis Diagnostic evaluation chest X-ray sputum culture spirometry physiology medical management antibiotic therapy 854 bacterial infection is there but not necessary in case of viral infection short term steroid therapy will help minimise information within bronchial tubes example prednisolone good hydration plenty of water intake help to make easier to expel symptomatic treatment for acetaminophen give cough treatment and possessive drug

LUNG ABSCESS

 lung abscess it is defined as collection of pearls opulent material in a localised area of lung it make cavity formed why necrosis of lung tissue etiology cause of lung abscess are same as pneumonia respect aspiration of material into lung risk factor for respiration r alcoholism seizure disorder drug overdose general anaesthesia cerebrovascular accident infectious agent as OS anaerobic bacilli other causes pulmonary embolism Malik and growth TV clinical manifestation sweating increase pulse rate cough purulent sputum hemoptysis sales pleuritic pain Disney weight loss plumbing Diagnostic evaluation physical examination chest X-ray sputum test chest auscultation bronchoscopy history collection complication M5 bronchopleural fistula medical management antimicrobial therapy chest physiotherapy what's today's drainage bronchodilator mucolytic penicillin with metronidazole are used

DRUG

Drug it is a substance used for diagnosis prevention treatment or cure of a disease route of drugs Administration oral route parenteral route cutaneous or topical inhalation route rectal route sublingual route oral route the most common route of drug administration drug are given by mouth more frequently then by any other route advantage it is safe convenient and economical self medication it is possible complication of parental therapy avoided disadvantage onset of drug action it is slower than parental root drug which are bitter in test cannot be administered drug providing nausea vomiting cannot be administered this route is not possible in an unconscious patient sublingual route the drug is placed under the tongue it is allowed to dissolve in the mouth the rapidly soluble drug can be used example nitroglycerin advantage onset of action is quick inactivation of drug is the stomach in avoided the drug introductory into systematic circulation without activation in the liver rectal route the drug is placed inside rectum or suppository or enema this route is sometimes used when oral injection is not possible due to some reason like frequent vomiting example indomethacin is given by this route inpatient of rheumatoid arthritis with peptic ulcer advantage this route is frequently used when nausea vomiting are present irritation of gastric mucosa is avoided it is suitable for those drug which are destroyed by gastric acidity converted in the terminally ill patient those drug which are destroyed during first pass thought liver can also be given thought this route inhalation route the drug are in held in the form of vapour and absorption of drug occour throught respiratory tract mucosa example general anaesthesia gases volatile liquid aerosols

SEVEN SEAS COD LIVER OIL CAPSULE Mview

SEVEN SEAS COD LIVER OIL CAPSULE

SEVEN SEAS COD LIVER OIL CAPSULE

GANGRENE

Gangrene definition gangrene  refer to the death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow or bacterial infection causes infections tight bandage plaster injury head cold obstruction in blood vessels example arteriosclerosis thrombus formation buerger disease types dry gangrene it is characterized bye and shriveled  skin ranging in colour from brown to Purple blue to black it occurs due to blood vessel disease example atherosclerosis or arterial obstruction wet gangrene swelling blistering and wet appearance  are common feature of wet gangrene It can develop after a severe Burn frostbite  wm or injury it occur usually in diabetic patient who unknowingly  injury  a toe or foot
Gas gangrene the effect Deep muscle tissue skin may become and purplish red colour a Babbly appearance may be come apparent gas gangrene is usually caused by infection with the bacterium clostrdium management surgery removal of Dead tissue antibiotic for reduce  infection vasodilator to maintain circulation thrombolytics our platelets  drugs example aspirin prevention don't to use tabacco care for diabetic patient loose weight early detection prevent infections

BRAHMI HIMALIYA TABLET medicaloverview

BRAHMI HIMALIYA TABLET 

BRAHMI HIMALIYA TABLET 

GOKSHURA HIMALIYA TABLET medicaloverview

GOKSHURA HIMALIYA TABLET

GOKSHURA HIMALIYA TABLET

SHATAVARI himaliya tablet medicaloverview

        

SHATAVARI   HIMALIYA TABLET

SHATAVARI   HIMALIYA TABLET

GERIFORTE himaliya tablet medicaloverview

GERIFORTE HIMALIYA TABLET

GERIFORTE himaliya tablet

EDEMA

definition edema is medical term for swelling it is General response of body to injury or inflammation gorgeous degrees albumin level obstruction of flow CHF liver cirrhosis cause Ascites antidiabetic drug medication example an essay ID antidiabetic drug medication example inflammation or injury due to twisted ankle be sitting or skin infection pathophysiology management administrator diabetic drug example hu Samad provide treatment for underlining causes maintain sodium resisting diet if edema is due to obstruction in fluid drainage treated by eliminating the instruction example blood clot administers for allergic reaction example Evil levocetirizine rice r a s r i c e chest compression of organ application elevation

ultrasonography report format

Ultrasonography Report format

Unconsciousness

  Unconsciousness definition it is defined as deep sleep like state from which patient cannot be aroused causes metabolic diabetes uraemia albinism liver failure drug induced sedatives trauma when confusion Hematoma cerebral vascular disorder hypertensive encephalopathy brain hemorrhage cva physical agent hypothermia hyperthermia electrolyte imbalance hypernatremia hypocalcemia hypercalcemia infection meningitis   encephalitis carcinoma brain tumor Diagnostic test for unconscious patient is call x-ray cerebral angiogram easy easy ECG PG e e g MRI etc metabolic test for unconscious patient CBSE electrolytes lft urine analysis lumbar puncture arterial blood pressure assess level of consciousness why glass, scoring system I opening response check motor response nursing assessment collect patient history by his her relatives observation of Skull pupils of fiberglass Coma Scale type of respiration nutritional level of patient observation of whole body check the regulation of bowel and bladder nursing diagnosis ineffective breathing pattern related to aspiration altered tissue perfusion altered body temperature risk for injury related to unconsciousness impaired physical mobility related to loss of motor function ultimate nutrition less than body requirement related to unconsciousness bowel incontinence alternate urine elimination impaired skin integrity entity of member knowledge deficit nursing intervention to provide Ben 10 respiration of patient provide sidelining position to patient suctioning admin the tester auto to provide tissue perfusion administer IV Fluids are prescribed 4-2 supply as ordered maintain normal body temperature

SHOCK

Shock definition shock is a medical emergency in which the organ and tissue of the body or not receiving an adequate blood flow types cardiogenic shock associated with heart problem second hypovolemic shock caused by inadequate blood volume third anaphylactic shock caused by allergic reaction septic shock associated with infection  neurogenic shock caused by damage to nervous system sign and symptoms anxiety chest pain Shallow breathing bluish lips and fingernails unconsciousness nausea vomiting cause heart failure dehydration severe allergic reaction decrease urine output fast heart rate hemorrhage Inception low blood pressure confusion weak and absent pulse distended jugular vein cool clammy skin due to vasoconstriction hypothermia due to decrease perfusion and sweating pathophysiology nursing management shop is an emergency crisis so we should give emergency treatment such as assess Airway breathing and circulation if necessary given CPR 
If the person is conscious and does not have an injury to the head leg spine place the person in shock position give appropriate first aid for any wound injury or illnesses keep the person warm and comfortable loose tight clothes if patient is having vomiting turn the head to one side management provide O2 therapy 100% O2 IV infusion for reduce hypovolemia example dextran plasma blood vasoconstrictor agent for maintaining blood pressure example epinephrine known epinephrine

ASTHMA

Definition

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of airway caused by allergic response of bronchi resulting in reversible narrowing of airway due to bronchoconstriction (spasm ) congestion and thickening of wall of bronchi and accumulation of mucus (recurrent attack of dyspnoea and wheezing

Cause/A etiology 

There are some factors which are responsible for asthma 

Environmental factor 

• change in temperature mostly cold air
•  change in humidity -dry air 

Atmospheric pollutant 

• cigarette industrial smoke Ozone Sulphur Dioxide formaldehyde             

 Allergic inhalation

•  food treated with sulphate beer wine etc

 stress emotional/upset

  Medication          

•   NASID and Beta blocker 

 strong order and perfumes 

    

Risk factor

1.  family history
2.  history of allergy 
3. passive smoking 
4. obesity 
5. urban living
6.  low birth weight 
7. Regular use of NSAID

Types of asthma

 it is of two types 

1.   EXtrinsic( allergic )  (commonly occur in childhood)

   2 . Intrinsic ( non allergic) commonly occur about 35 years age

 clinical manifestation /sign and symptoms

1.  wheezing
2.  cough (all night and early in Morning)
3.  chest tightness 
4. Dyspnoea 
5.  prolong expiration
6.  hypoxemia
7.  Rohini(sound during inspiration )
8. attack of asthma may be for few minutes dash hour

Pathophysiology 

Extrinsic (Allergic)

INTRINSIC

Diagnostic evaluation

1.  physical examination
2.  history collection 
3.    spirometry 
4. ABG( atrial blood glasses analysis)
5.  hypoxemia (increased pco2 acidosis )
6. chest X-ray( for hyperinflation of lung
7.  Auscultation of breath sound (wheezing sound )

complication

1.  Respiratory failure 
2. pneumonia
3.  cardiac arrest
4. status asthmaticus
5.  atelectasis 
6. cardiac arrest 

Medical management

Bronchodilator( beta agonist)

 They cause widening of the airway by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle by stimulate beta receptor

 example 

1.  salbutamol
2.  albuterol
3.  formoterol 

 xanthine derivatives

 They have a diuretic effect and relaxes  smooth muscles especially of bronchi 

example 

1. Theophylline 
2. Deriphylline 
3. Aminophylline 

Anticholinergic drug

 The action of this drug include Relaxation  of smooth muscle and decrease secretion of mucus( antispasmodic action )

example

1.  Ipratropium 
2. atropine sulphate

Corticosteroid Anti inflammatory and allergic

 example 

1. methylprednisolone 
2. prednisolone
3.  betamethasone

Leukotriene  receptor antagonist

•  They prevent the action of Leukotriene by blocking their receptor on cell membrane

 example 

1. montelukast
2. zafirlukast 

Mast cell stabilizer

 example 

cromolyn sodium

• STEPWISE MANAGEMENT OF ASTHAMA

pneumonia

Definition

 It is an inflammation of lung parenchyma which is associated with marked increase interstitial and alveolar fluid

Cause /Etiology 


 Bacterial infection
 Gram Positive 

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2.  Streptococcus aureus

 Gram Negative 

1. H influenza
2. pseudomonas
3. anaerobic bacteria

viral infection 

1. influenza virus 
2. parainfluenza virus
3.  adenovirus 

fungus infection 

1. Candidiasis 
2. histoplasmosis
3.  mycoplasma 
4. protozoa

 classification 

1 community-acquired pneumonia

1.  it occur in normal healthy person 
2.   bacterial infection
3.  viral  infection

2 Hospital acquired  pneumonia

 It occurs either when immunity is weak or in lung disorders or Anatomical abnormal lungs



 Types

1segmental pneumonia

 only in one small segmental lobes of lungs 

2 bilateral pneumonia

both side segmental lobes of lungs are affected 

3 lobar pneumonia 

complete lobe affected 

4 bronchopneumonia

  patchy like formation in the lungs 



 Risk factor                        

1.  continuous smoking
2.  cold weather
3.  AIDS
4.  malnutrition
5. dehydration
6.  alternate conscious level 
7. alcoholism 
8. head injury
9. seizure disorder
10.  drug overdose
11.  general anesthesia
12. immuno suppressive therapy
    
    
13. corticosteroid 

chronic disease

1.  Diabetes mellitus
2.  heart disease
3.  lung disease 
4. renal disease 
5. cancer

1.  aspiration of food volume vomits
2. inhalation of toxic chemical gases

 clinical manifestation

1.  fever
2.  chills                                
3.  sweating
4.  pleuritic pain
5. cough 
6. sputum production 
7. haemoptysis  cough with blood 
8. dyspnoea 
9. cyanosis 
10. rapid pulse 
11. hot pallor skin 
12. increase rispiratory rate 
13. low o2 saturation 
14. headache 
15. fatigue 
16. dull sound produce on percussion 
17. unequal chest wall expansion 

 pathophysiology

 due to any cause example bacteria viral or other 

inflammation in alveoli 

mast cell activate and release

 histamine

 prostaglandin

 cytokinins 

leukotrienes

 due to cytokinin release flute shift to extracellular space capillary permeability 

alveoli  filled with fluid 

consolidation

decrease O2 saturation in body 

hypoxemia /hypoxia

 clinical diagnosis

1.  sputum for culture and sensitivity
2. chest X-ray 
3. bronchoscopy
4.  ABC analysis
5. cracked sound 
6. mountoux test

 complication

1. pleural effusion
2.  atelectasis 
3. super infection pericarditis bacteremia meningitis 

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Medical management 


prevention of pneumonia by  vaccination 

 use of antibiotic therapy for treatment 

1. penicillin
2. ampicillin
3.  amikacin 
4. cephalosporin 
5. erythromycin 
6. ciftriaxone 

bronchodilator are used
Analgsics pain example Nimesulide Paracetamol 

pulmonary Tuberculosis

Definition  

It is a chronic infectious diseases caused by mycobacterium  tuberculosis and characterized by  the formation of tubercles (round nodules warty outgrowth )or granulomass in lungs 

granulomas means localized collection of cell usually produced in response to an infectious process 

it may be transmitted to other body part such as meninges bones kidney lymph nodes

Causes /a etiology 

Mycobacterium
By air droplet
By exposure with person who is infected  to prolonged and close frequent 

Risk factor 

1. malnutrition 
2. excessive alcohol addiction 
3. Silicosis
4. HIV
5. Nutrition
6. Crowding
7. Diabetes mellitus
8. Genetics
9. cancer
10. rheumatoid arthritis
11. Crohn’s disease
12. psoriasis
13. lupus
14. immune supressive person 

Signs and symptoms/ clinical manifestation 

 In pulmonary tb patient is free from symptoms in early stages of disease  

in lateral stage some sign symptoms are find out  these are 

1. anorexia 
2. malaise 
3. irregular  mensuration in women 
4. cough 
5. chest pain 
6. hemoptysis 
7.  fever, 
8. chills
9. , night sweats, 
10. loss of appetite,
11.  weight loss
12.  fatigue.

pathology physiology

Mycobactrium bacilli inhales

transmitted through air ways to alveolar

multiplication

 transfer to lymph system and blood stream

immune system responded

phagocytes engulf to many bacteria

 tb lymphocytes bacilli spreads in normal tissues

accumulation of exudation in alveolar

bronchopneumonia

Diagnosed  test

1. purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test 
2. Blood testChest 
3. X-ray
4. sputum test 

Medical management

1. primary agents 

soniazid.

Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)

Ethambutol (Myambutol)

Pyrazinamide.

2. secondary agents 

capromysin 

kanamysin 

PASA  para amnio salicylic acid

cycloserine 

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